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Grant support

The project was financed by CRG through Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facilities funds, and by EduCaixa programme through funds from the Fundacion Bancaria La Caixa, with the participation of the Center for Research into Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), and the Center d'Excellencia Severo Ochoa 2013-2017 programme (SEV-2012-02-08) of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. Eppendorf, Illumina, and ThermoFisher sponsored the research by donating some materials and reagents. David Harris Onywera was supported by a grant from the CRG-Novartis-Africa Mobility Program. TG group acknowledges support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness grant BFU2015-67107 cofounded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); of the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya; from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014-642095.

Analysis of institutional authors

Pittis, Antonios AlexandrosAuthorOnywera, David HarrisAuthorWillis JrAuthorGonzález-Torres PAuthorBejarano LaAuthorCozzuto LAuthorAndreu-Somavilla NAuthorAlloza-Trabado MAuthorCarolis C.AuthorHecht J.AuthorPonomarenko J.AuthorMontfort MAuthorHermoso AAuthorGabaldon TCorresponding AuthorIraola-Guzmán SAuthorSaus EAuthorKsiezopolska ECorresponding Author

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March 25, 2020
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Citizen science charts two major "stomatotypes" in the oral microbiome of adolescents and reveals links with habits and drinking water composition

Publicated to:Microbiome. 6 (1): 218- - 2018-12-06 6(1), DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0592-3

Authors: Willis, JR; González-Torres, P; Pittis, AA; Bejarano, LA; Cozzuto, L; Andreu-Somavilla, N; Alloza-Trabado, M; Valentín, A; Ksiezopolska, E; Company, C; Onywera, H; Montfort, M; Hermoso, A; Iraola-Guzmán, S; Saus, E; Labeeuw, A; Carolis, C; Hecht, J; Ponomarenko, J; Gabaldón, T

Affiliations

Barcelona Inst Sci & Technol, Ctr Genom Regulat CRG, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain - Author
Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol CREAL, ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain - Author
ICREA, Pg Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain - Author
UCT, Inst Infect Dis & Mol Med IDM, Anzio Rd, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa - Author
UPF, Barcelona 08003, Spain - Author
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Abstract

The oral cavity comprises a rich and diverse microbiome, which plays important roles in health and disease. Previous studies have mostly focused on adult populations or in very young children, whereas the adolescent oral microbiome remains poorly studied. Here, we used a citizen science approach and 16S profiling to assess the oral microbiome of 1500 adolescents around Spain and its relationships with lifestyle, diet, hygiene, and socioeconomic and environmental parameters.Our results provide a detailed snapshot of the adolescent oral microbiome and how it varies with lifestyle and other factors. In addition to hygiene and dietary habits, we found that the composition of tap water was related to important changes in the abundance of several bacterial genera. This points to an important role of drinking water in shaping the oral microbiota, which has been so far poorly explored. Overall, the microbiome samples of our study can be clustered into two broad compositional patterns (stomatotypes), driven mostly by Neisseria and Prevotella, respectively. These patterns show striking similarities with those found in unrelated populations.We hypothesize that these stomatotypes represent two possible global optimal equilibria in the oral microbiome that reflect underlying constraints of the human oral niche. As such, they should be found across a variety of geographical regions, lifestyles, and ages.

Keywords

AdolescentAdultBacteriaCommunityConsumptionDiversityDna, bacterialDna, ribosomalDrinking waterFeeding behaviorGut microbiomeHealthHumansHygieneLife styleMetagenomicsMouthNeisseriaOral microbiomePhylogenyPlaquePrevotellaRna, ribosomal, 16sSalivaSchool teachersSequence analysis, dnaSpainStomatotypesTapTap water compositionToothpaste

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Microbiome due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2018, it was in position 8/132, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Microbiology. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 2.75. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 1.12 (source consulted: FECYT Feb 2024)
  • Field Citation Ratio (FCR) from Dimensions: 10.45 (source consulted: Dimensions Jul 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-07-17, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 84
  • Scopus: 37
  • Europe PMC: 60

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-07-17:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 169.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 193 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 37.2.
  • The number of mentions on the social network Facebook: 1 (Altmetric).
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 40 (Altmetric).
  • The number of mentions in news outlets: 1 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: South African Republic.

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (Willis, Jesse) and Last Author (Ksiezopolska, Ewa).

the authors responsible for correspondence tasks have been Gabaldon Esteban, Toni and Ksiezopolska, Ewa.